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Netherlands · South Holland

Rotterdam, Netherlands evidence & sources.

Let the next bold building change your point of view.

Get informed before you go. Read the evidence behind six travel signals for Rotterdam and understand where the research describes national context rather than local conditions.

Scenic view of Rotterdam

Photo: Rob Oo · CC BY 2.0 / original · Cropped for display

Weather sources & averages

Weather sources & averages

Average low and high are averages of daily minima and maxima, with the daily mean between them. Values are day-weighted seasonal averages for 2001–2025 from NASA POWER / MERRA-2 daily records. These are typical conditions, not record extremes or a travel-date forecast. Gridded estimates can differ from a local station.

Precipitation is an estimated three-month total, including rain and snow water equivalent, from NASA POWER’s 2001–2025 climatology. Rain bars compare seasons within this destination.

Current weather-model estimates: MET Norway · CC BY 4.0; converted to your selected units. Location and time zone: GeoNames · CC BY 4.0.

Research reviewed 19 October 2026. Ratings are site interpretations of the cited evidence, not official scores or a live alert feed. Higher bands mean more favorable conditions. Missing evidence stays unscored. National data cannot describe every neighborhood or traveler’s experience. Read the scoring method →

Inclusion Index

1 / 5

Lowest available evidence band across ethnic/racial, antisemitic and anti-LGBTQ+ harassment or identity-related crimes. 2/3 lenses have scored evidence. Missing lenses are not treated as favorable; sources and populations differ, so this is a precaution flag, not an overall inclusion or crime-rate estimate.

Ethnic & racial harassment

Not yet scored · evidence gap

No comparable ethnic / racial harassment rate adopted. Individual incident alerts remain visible below where available.

Evidence gap · Not established

No comparable source adopted for a score.

Antisemitic harassment & crimes

2 / 5

39% of surveyed Jewish respondents reported antisemitic harassment, online or offline, in the previous 12 months. This 2023 survey predates 7 October 2023 and is not a current crime-rate estimate.

National Jewish respondent sample · online and offline · 2023 survey; 2024 report

Anti-LGBTQ+ harassment & crimes

1 / 5

53% of surveyed LGBTQ+ respondents reported hate-motivated harassment in the previous 12 months (FRA 2023). Includes in-person and online experiences; not a visitor or city crime rate.

National LGBTQ+ respondent sample · online and offline · 2023 survey; 2024 report

Scope: National and localized evidence · see each lens
Basis: Lowest available lens band; not an average, prevalence estimate or validated index
Confidence / relevance: Limited comparability · partial coverage

Theft & pickpocket safety

3 / 5

National context: Tourists are targeted by distraction theft around Amsterdam attractions and transport.

Scope: National advisory context; not a city incidence estimate
Basis: Advisory wording → editorial precaution band
Confidence / relevance: Moderate

Violent crime safety

3 / 5

National context: Armed robberies and assaults are reported; the source does not provide a tourist incidence rate.

Scope: National advisory context; not a city incidence estimate
Basis: Advisory wording → editorial precaution band
Confidence / relevance: Moderate

Water & sanitation

4 / 5

Basic sanitation coverage 97.7% (2024); basic drinking-water coverage 100.0% (2024). National access indicators, not a guarantee of tap-water safety or street cleanliness.

Scope: National population proxy
Basis: Lower of two coverage percentages → published site thresholds
Confidence / relevance: Moderate · indirect measure

English accessibility

5 / 5

EF EPI 2025 national English score: 624. The rating follows EF’s five proficiency bands. Volunteer adults are not a representative tourist-service sample; English ability is not friendliness.

Scope: Country proxy · English only
Basis: EF proficiency band → 1–5
Confidence / relevance: Limited traveler relevance

Credit-card acceptance

3 / 5

Credit cards work for many travel purchases, including hotels and car hire, but everyday shops often favor debit cards. Direct credit-card use is mixed: check the merchant and carry a cash backup. Network acceptance varies.

VisaVisaLimited / variesMerchant dependent
MastercardMastercardLimited / variesMerchant dependent
American ExpressAmerican ExpressLimited / variesMerchant dependent
DiscoverDiscoverNot yet verifiedNot separately verified

Scope: Country visitor guidance / network context; not a city shop census
Basis: Direct credit-card use + network breadth + app / cash dependence
Confidence / relevance: Editorial band · network coverage may be incomplete